When was beck depression inventory created

Item means, standard deviations, percentages symptomatic, and corrected item-total correlations are summarized in Table 1. Using Pearson correlation analysis, we investigated the relations between scores on the BDI-II and the other self-report measures. Several models were selected based on the previous findings using an adolescent sample. We examined one-, two-, three-, and modified three-factor models, and additionally evaluated a bifactor solution for the BDI-II.

Results of the CFA are summarized in Table 3. Detailed descriptions of the models tested in the present study are as follows. In this model, we constrained all 21 items to load onto a single factor. We tested this solution as a baseline model. This model is based on the findings by Osman et al. This model is defined by two-correlated factors. The cognitive-affective factor was composed of items 1—10 and 12—14; and items 11 and 15—21 defined the somatic factor.

Steer et al. This model consisted of three positively correlated first-order factors: cognitive factor items 2, 3, 7—9, 13, 14, and 19 , somatic-affective factor items 1, 4, 11, 12, 15—18, 20, and 21 , and guilty-punishment factor items 5, 6, and The Osman et al. However, item 21 Loss of Interest in Sex failed to load onto the cognitive-affective factor.

In addition, two items Loss of Pleasure, Loss of Interest showed negative relationships with the cognitive-affective factor. Based on these findings, we concluded that this model could not explain the internal structure of the BDI-II in our sample.

This model consisted of three oblique factors: negative attitude items 1—3, 5—10, and 14 , performance difficulty items 4, 11—13, 17, and 19 , and somatic elements items, 15, 16, 18, 20, and Wu et al. The factor loadings ranged from values of 0. The correlations among the factors ranged from 0. The purpose of the present study was twofold: 1 to evaluate the reliability and validity and 2 to establish the factor structure of the BDI-II in a nonclinical population of Korean adolescents.

The result of Cronbach alpha estimate was pretty high, comparable to those reported in Taiwanese and U. Also, the mean of the Item 16 changes in sleeping pattern was 0. The result was similar to the findings of the study in a U.

Thus, it might be affected by hormones released during adolescence. The present study tested five different model structures. As a result, our current findings revealed that the data for Korean adolescents are best represented by a modified three factors including negative attitude, performance difficulty, and somatic elements, supported by the previous research conducted in Taiwan. One explanation could be that the Confucian values of East Asia put a great emphasis on education and academic achievement as a primary means for the individual to attain social status and self-fulfillment; hence, East Asian parents have enormous interest in their children's academic performance in high school and in the result of their children's college entrance exams.

Also, in the current study, the factor loading of item 21 Loss of Interest in Sex was 0. A prior study with inpatient adolescent also reported item 21 showed low correspondence with DSM-IV depressive symptoms.

This study has some limitations. The present study did not conduct test-retest reliability; hence, we recommend that this issue should be studied further. Also, it is better to determine the factor structure of the BDI-II in clinical adolescents in order to compare with the results of this study. In conclusion, the present research attempts to standardize the BDI-II with a relatively large sample of Korean adolescents.

In addition, the reliability and validity of the BDI-II in this research corresponded with those in extant research. This finding reveals that the BDI-II is a reliable tool for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms in Korean adolescents. Therefore, the findings from this research can provide basic information for examining the prevalence rate, intervention strategies for depression in adolescents and so forth.

Portions of this research were presented at the semi-annual meeting of the Korean Clinical Psychological Association, Ilsan, October National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. U niversity of W isconsin —Madison. Intranet Staff Login. For example: 0 I do not feel sad. The standard cut-offs are as follows: 0—9: indicates minimal depression 10— indicates mild depression 19— indicates moderate depression 30— indicates severe depression.

Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry ; 65 : 62 — Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

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Volume Article Contents A brief history. Key research. Availability and clinical use. Beck Depression Inventory. Oxford Academic. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Beck and later revised in as the BDI-1A. It has been extensively tested for content validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity.

The long form of the BDI is composed of 21 questions or items, each with four possible responses. Each response is assigned a score ranging from zero to three, indicating the severity of the symptom.